The Zodiac Killer

The Zodiac Killer, also referred to as The Zodiac or simply Zodiac was an enigmatic serial killer active in California in the late 1960s and 1970s. As infamous as he was, he only has a confirmed body count of five, though he is suspected of committing as many as thirty-seven murders in total.

First attacks and letters
The first known confirmed Zodiac murders took place on December 20, 1968, on Lake Herman Road in California. The victims were David Arthur Faraday, 17, and Betty Lou Jensen, 16, both of which were shot with a .22 handgun. The Zodiac then remained inactive until July 4 the following year, when he shot another couple, Michael Mageau, 19, and Darlene Ferrin, 22, while they were seated in a parked car on the parking lot of the Blue Rock Springs Park in Vallejo. Mageau survived, though he suffered severe injuries, and was able to provide a description. On August 1, the Vallejo Times-Chronicle, the San Francisco Examiner and the San Francisco Chronicle received near-identical letters from the Zodiac in which he took credit for the murders, proving his guilt by stating several facts about the crime scenes, such as what the victims were wearing, how their bodies were positioned and what brand of ammunition he used. The only signature was the Zodiac's symbol. The letters also contained one part of a three-part cipher designed by the Zodiac, who ordered all three papers to publish the ciphers on their front pages and threatened to go on a killing spree over the weekend if they didn't comply. All three papers published the cipher, which was cracked after a little more than a week by teachers Donald and Betty Harden. In the decoded message, the Zodiac claimed to have been killing in order to collect slaves for his afterlife. The next Zodiac letter came the day before the cipher was cracked. In it, the Zodiac named himself for the first time and gave more details about the murders.

Later murders
The next murder took place near Lake Berryessa on September 27. This time, the victims, Bryan Hartnell, 20, and Cecelia Shepard, 22, were tied up and stabbed instead of shot. Hartnell survived his injuries, but Shepard died two days later. During his next killing, the Zodiac diverged from his pattern even further and shot and killed a cab driver, Paul Lee Stine, 29, in Presidio Heights in San Francisco on October 11 after riding with him. This time, a partial fingerprint in blood was found inside the car, along with a pair of gloves (which were, however, considered to be too small to fit the man described by the witnesses. They were later linked to a female passenger of Stine). At first, the police were led to believe that the killer was black, which was later corrected. Before that, however, a pair of uniformed cops on their way to the crime scene spotted a man fitting the Zodiac's description dressed in a dark jacket and walking away from the crime scene mere minutes after the shooting. Three days later, the San Francisco Chronicle received a letter in which the Zodiac threatened to kill all the passengers of a school bus and included a piece of Paul Stine's bloody shirt. Though this was the last of the Zodiac's confirmed killings, he continued writing letters and claimed responsibility for several murders during this time. It is generally believed that he lied for the attention.

The prime suspect in the case was and remains Arthur Leigh Allen. The authorities began investigating him after they were told by one of his old co-workers, Donald Cheney, that Allen had told him about an idea he had for a novel about a serial killer who called himself "Zodiac" and did several things the Zodiac Killer did or threatened to do, such as taping a flashlight to his gun and killing the passengers of a school bus. Also, Allen was a skin diver who had been to Lake Berryessa on several occasions. He also admitted to having had bloody knives in his car on the weekend of the stabbing but claimed that the blood came from a chicken he had killed for dinner. After a warrant for his trailer and handwriting was secured and carried out, his fingerprints were compared to the partial from the cab, his guns compared to the Zodiac evidence and his handwriting to that of the letters. None of the tests came back a match and Allen was let go. In 1991, Mageau was tracked down and shown a lineup of old photos of Zodiac suspects. After he fingered Allen as the killer, there were talks about formally charging him with the murders based on circumstantial evidence against him (which were, in turn, heavily contested by others). Allen died of natural causes before any trial could take place. To this day the case remains unsolved and the Zodiac killer's identity is still unknown.

Letters
For images, see below

The Zodiac is known to have sent many cryptographic and puzzling letters to the authorities, the press and Melvin Belli. In these letters, the Zodiac made his intentions and wishes known. In some, he would include odd drawings, mosaics of photos, and astrological charts. One letter included a cipher which the police could supposedly use to discover his identity. They were unsuccessful in accurately translating it. Below are some of the letters The Zodiac sent to the SFPD and the local newspapers. To date, almost none of his ciphers have been definitively solved.

Modus Operandi
From the accounts of the few survivors of known Zodiac attacks, it is generally believed that the Zodiac dressed in black clothing of various types (depending on the month), and, at least on one occasion, wore a dark hood decorated with the Zodiac symbol.

His methods varied also, with some victims being dispatched by an automatic pistol (of several types) or bladed weapons, most notably what was probably a military-style knife. According to one of his letters, he, during the Christmas killings, had a pencil-sized flashlight taped to his gun in order to be able to shoot in the dark.

The Zodiac's usual pattern of attack was to target Caucasian teenage couples, strike when they were in some secluded area (mostly lover's lanes) and/or in a car and kill them by either shooting them or stabbing them with a knife. His method of approaching them is known to have varied. When he attacked Mageau and Ferrin, he just walked up to the car and started shooting at them without saying a word, while, during the Hartnell-Shepherd stabbing, he approached them pretending to be a robber before instructing Shepherd to tie up Hartnell with some pre-cut lengths of rope and then tying her up himself. During the latter killing, he claimed to be an escaped convict who had killed a guard and needed their car and money so he could flee to Mexico. When he killed Paul Stine, he got into his taxi, shot him in the head with a 9mm, took his wallet, car keys, and a bloodied piece of his shirt, the latter of which he would later send to The Chronicle. He also, most likely intentionally, acted in locations were jurisdictions overlapped, as a mean of slowing down the authorities.

After the Ferrin-Mageau and Hartnell-Shepard attacks, he called whichever police department was closest to where the attacks occurred from a pay phone and claimed responsibility for the crimes.

Profile
The Zodiac Killer was profiled by John Douglas in his book, The Cases That Haunt Us, as being a narcissistic and paranoid social misfit and loner, who was mainly driven by the need for attention, power and, most of all, credibility. He felt the urge to prove his intellectual superiority, in order to compensate his own feelings of inferiority and inadequacy. The UNSUB had also a self-conscious compulsiveness, meaning that he was obsessed with others underestimating him and unappreciating his skills, being also convinced that society wronged him. In all likelyhood, he spent the majority of his life with his mother, with whom he had a difficult relationship at best, and was not very successful with women. It was deemed probable that he had some relations with both Riverside College (where Cheri Jo Bates, a suspected Zodiac victim, was killed. Douglas was indeed fairly sure to attribute this murder to him) and Deer Lodge, Montana (the location of the prison he allegedly named during the Hartnell-Shepard attack. However, the validity of this claim is doubtful, as the prison name was merely deduced by a policeman who interrogated survivor Bryan Hartnell).

He may have spent some time in the military, probably in the Air Force or the Navy, where he was likely trained in codes. If this be the case, he would have been soon discharged out of medical reasons or no reasons given, because he couldn't cut in such a structured, disciplined environment long-term. He liked and was familiar with weapons, being probably a hunter, and had technical expertise, demonstrating skill with numbers and codes. The UNSUB also might have had a private work area, where he kept the materials he needed for his writings and press coverage of his crimes. He probably complained, with a confidant of some kind (most likely another loner), about law enforcement demonstrating incapacity in the Zodiac case.

In his letters, as in his crimes, the offender displayed a double nature: well-educated and highly intelligent, although illiterate, and highly organized, although, at least in some instances, disorganized (he left survivors, fingerprints and was seen by several witnesses, including two policemen). This combination provides a mixed representation. It is also apparent, from his communications, that the Zodiac was prone to mood swings: sometimes being cleverly taunting, sometimes falling from grace, trying to compensate his fear and inferiority complex through virulent words or gross tauntings.

It was deemed likely by Douglas that, as the Zodiac was constantly trying to sophisticate himself and his Modus Operandi, the most probable cause for his sudden stop was his own fear of running out of luck, after having been interrogated by two uniformed patrolmen, just minutes after the murder of Paul Stine. It cannot be excluded, also, that the Zodiac committed suicide after the murders ended.

Murray Miron, a criminologist and colleague of Douglas, upon analyzing the letter Zodiac sent to Melvin Belli on December 1969, concluded that the UNSUB was suffering from severe depression, and that he was going to eventually commit suicide. Douglas, in turn, although convinced that the Zodiac did feel even more alone and alienated around Christmas time, and agreeing with the fact that he would have committed suicide one day, thought the letter was a play for sympathy.

A theory, proposed by Anglo-Canadian criminologist Lee Mellor (proponent of the expressive/transformative violence theory), was that the Zodiac, by sending letters and leaving messages on the crime scenes, was dealing with a process of identity negotiation. Due to his feelings of inadequacy, he wasn't capable of having an acceptable identity and suffered from recurring crisis, trying to recompose his fragmented identity in the guise of a self-styled, self-named killer. The majority of the expressive/transformative criminals analyzed by Mellor was single, sustained having never grown up, presented an unstable vocation and masculinity, and were obsessed with police and military culture.

Criminologist Donald Lunde theorized the Zodiac was a sexual sadist whom killed as a substitute of sex.

Physical Description
Survivors and witnesses of the Zodiac attacks described him as:


 * Approximately 5' 8" to 5' 10" in height.
 * Curly brown or light reddish brown hair worn in a crew cut.
 * Wearing horn-rimmed eyeglasses and usually wore dark clothing, usually wool trousers and dark navy blue or black windbreaker jacket, with distinctive military jump boots known as "Wing Walkers".
 * Medium or slightly stocky build.
 * One survivor describes the Zodiac as having an odd gait; that is, he had a peculiar, lumbering or heavy walk.
 * Boot prints found at the Hartnell-Shepherd crime scene were size 10½.
 * Survivor Bryan Hartnell describes the Zodiac's voice as "Slow and measured" and having a unique sound and cadence with a monotone.

Suspects

 * Arthur Leigh Allen (1933-1992) Arthur Leigh Allen2.jpg
 * Dishonorably discharged from the U.S. Navy.
 * Elementary school teacher and janitor.
 * Lifeguard.
 * Sail maker.
 * High I.Q.
 * Admitted to having had bloody knives in his car on the weekend of the Zodiac's stabbing at Lake Berryessa, but claimed that the blood came from a chicken he had killed for dinner.
 * Was in jail for child molestation during the time of the alleged Zodiac's 1971-74 hiatus. However, some suggested Zodiac's hiatus to have started well before Allen was incarcerated.
 * Named "Robert Hall Starr" in Graysmith's non-fiction book Zodiac.
 * Still generally considered the prime suspect in the case.
 * His guns, fingerprint, and handwriting were all compared to the case evidence, but he was cleared. Also, in 2002 a DNA comparison was made between a stamp from a Zodiac letter and Allen's DNA and came back negative, though Allen had stated that he never licked his stamps because the glue made him feel sick.
 * In 1991, survivor Michael Mageau pointed him out when shown a set of Zodiac suspect photos from the time of the killings. Mageau's identification was, in turn, deemed inconsistent by the authorities.
 * Robert Graysmith's case against Allen in his books, Zodiac and Zodiac Unmasked (and, by extension, the inspired David Fincher's film of the same name as the first book), was heavily criticized and/or contradicted by facts and both people involved in the investigations and Zodiac Killer scholars. Graysmith himself was accused of having mixed facts and fiction (or unverified and contradictory circumstancial evidence) in order to sustain his theory that Allen was the culprit. To this day, only Allen's claim of having a bloody knife in his car, on the day of the Lake Berryessa attack, is considered a possible link, among few others, to him being the Zodiac.


 * Jack Tarrance (1928-2006) Th7TZN6PQP.jpg
 * Honorably discharged from the U.S. Air Force and Navy.
 * Ham radio operator.
 * Steel company worker.
 * General Electric test foreman.
 * Laundry Attendant.
 * Was reported by his stepson, Dennis Kaufman.
 * Kaufman turned over several pieces of evidence, including:
 * A hood similar to the one described by one of the Berryessa victims.
 * Handwriting samples.
 * Undeveloped photo film reels, one of which contained gruesome images.
 * A knife covered with dried blood.
 * A taped phone conversation in which Tarrance may indirectly hint that he was the Zodiac.
 * DNA testing by the FBI proved inconclusive.


 * Lawrence "Larry" Kane (1923-2010) 3105702.png
 * U.S. Navy sailor.
 * Worked various blue collar jobs.
 * Identified by Darlene Ferrin's sister, Linda, as the man whom harassed Darlene before her murder. However, as before Linda had identified the same man as "Lee" and as being "best friend with Darlene", her statement was deemed doubtful.


 * Bruce Davis (1942 - Present) Tumblr lh9gfq7oFQ1qfqe2oo1 1280.jpg
 * Former Manson Family member.
 * Was cleared along with other members of the "Family" briefly suspected to be behind the murders.


 * Richard "Rick" Marshall (1928-2008) Marshall.jpg
 * U.S. Navy sailor.
 * Had code training.
 * Silent movie theater projectionist.
 * Movie buff.
 * Ham radio enthusiast.
 * Was known to have had a bad temper with women.
 * Named "Donald Jeff Andrews" in Graysmith's non-fiction book Zodiac.


 * Louie Myers (1951-2002) Image.jpg
 * Admitted on deathbed to being the Zodiac Killer.
 * Went to the same high schools as the first confirmed male and female victims.
 * Worked at the same building as the second female victim.
 * Had access to the type of military boots the Zodiac is known to have worn through his father's job.
 * Served in the U.S. Army.
 * Worked as a long haul truck driver.
 * Had a criminal record in Vallejo for petty, unrelated crimes such as theft and disorderly conduct.
 * Was stationed at a military base in Germany during the Zodiac's alleged hiatus.
 * Did not fit the description of the Zodiac given by witnesses.


 * Earl Van Best, Jr. (c. 1936-1984) Zodiacdad.jpg
 * Named as a suspect by his son, Gary L. Stewart, in his book, The Most Dangerous Animal of All, in 2014.
 * Rare book dealer.
 * Was convicted of raping a minor and document and wire fraud and incarcerated for years in a maximum security facility for the criminally insane and San Quentin.
 * Similar to the Zodiac's physical description.
 * Was cleared by fingerprints.


 * Notes:
 * Serial bomber Theodore Kaczynski, the Unabomber, was briefly considered a suspect for being the Zodiac Killer, but the theory was dismissed since he had been living in Illinois during most of the killings.
 * David Carpenter, a serial killer in his own right, was also considered a suspect, but had been in jail during the first confirmed killing and was cleared in handwriting and fingerprint comparisons.
 * Edward Edwards, also a serial killer, was allegedly assumed to have matched the Zodiac's physical description, although he was living in northern California during the murders, and these allegations have been disputed.

Victims
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Confirmed
All of the following were killed in California
 * December 20, 1968, Lake Herman Road, Vallejo: David Faraday and Betty Lou Jensen :
 * David Arthur Faraday, 17
 * Betty Lou Jensen, 16
 * 1969:
 * July 4, Blue Rock Springs, Vallejo: Michael Mageau and Darlene Ferrin :
 * Michael Mageau, 19
 * Darlene Elizabeth Ferrin, 22
 * September 27, Lake Berryessa, Napa: Bryan Hartnell and Cecilia Shepherd:
 * Bryan Hartnell, 20
 * Cecilia Ann Shepard
 * October 11, Presidio Heights, San Francisco: Paul Lee Stine, 29

Possible
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 * June 4, 1963, Santa Barbara County, California: Robert Domingos and Linda Edwards :
 * Robert George Domingos, 18
 * Linda Faye Edwards, 17
 * October 30, 1966, Riverside City College, Riverside, California: Cheri Jo Bates, 18
 * The Zodiac claimed responsibility for a total of 37 victims, including his confirmed ones. Most of them were unnamed. Named ones include:
 * 1970:
 * March 22, Highway 132 near Patterson, California: Kathleen Johns, 22 and her unnamed infant daughter
 * June 26 : Sergeant Richard Radetich
 * September 6: Donna Lass, 25
 * Note: The Zodiac was suspected of being the perpetrator behind the so-called Santa Rosa Hitchhiker Murders, in which at least seven female hitchhikers were all murdered in Sonoma County and Santa Rosa in 1972 and 1973. The suspicion was based upon similarities between an unknown symbol in one of his letters and the Chinese characters left behind on a soy barrel that was carried by one of the victims. He had also stated his intention to vary his M.O. in another letter.
 * In addition, Zodiac suspect Arthur Leigh Allen was independently suspected of being the killer. He owned a mobile home in Santa Rosa at the time of the killings, attended Sonoma State College, and once held a job at an elementary school in the area. The book Zodiac Unmasked claimed that chipmunk hairs were found on all of the victims and that Allen was collecting and studying chipmunks.

Copycats


To date, there have been two infamous killers who emulated the Zodiac Killer:


 * Heriberto "Eddie" Seda, a.k.a. "The New York Zodiac"
 * b. July 31, 1967
 * Was inspired by the Zodiac Killer
 * Shot ten people, three of which died
 * Targeted his victims based on their Zodiac signs
 * Used zip guns
 * Arrested after non-fatally shooting his half-sister in the back
 * Is currently serving time in jail for murder and attempted murder
 * See full article here
 * "Seito Sakakibara"
 * Japanese
 * Fourteen years old at the time of his arrest
 * Real name unrevealed due to Japanese child protection laws (though a leak revealed it is possibly Shinichirou Azuma).
 * Killed a ten-year-old boy and an eleven-year-old girl
 * Also claimed to have assaulted three other girls
 * Wrote letters with a language similar to that of the original Zodiac
 * Released after several years of imprisonment
 * See full article here

On Criminal Minds

 * Season One:
 * "Unfinished Business" - The Zodiac is first mentioned by Reid in this episode, where the Keystone Killer's signature of sending taunting letters and puzzles to the authorities is compared to the Zodiac's habit of sending letters, as well as changing their M.O. However, Reid incorrectly states the Zodiac went from stabbing his victims to shooting them.
 * "A Real Rain" - The Zodiac was mentioned as an example of killers with an alternating victimology when it was believed the current unsub was killing his victims at random. In this reference, Gideon also incorrectly stated that the Zodiac killed for thirty years without ever getting caught.
 * Season Four:
 * "Normal" - When Norman Hill admits to his wife that he is the Road Warrior, his wife, thinking Norman is simply joking, sarcastically confesses to being the Zodiac.
 * "Omnivore" - Both the Zodiac and BTK are compared to the Reaper by Hotch, who states all three were "highly intelligent, disciplined, sadistic killers who name themselves in the press". On a side note, which was possibly coincidental, both the Zodiac and Dennis Rader claimed to have fantasized about enslaving their victims in the afterlife; the Zodiac (possibly falsely) expressed this belief in his first cipher and BTK claimed during police interrogation to have had that fantasy as well. George Foyet, the aforementioned Reaper, also appears heavily inspired by the Zodiac. Like the Zodiac, he wore a black mask in his outings, his primary targets were couples, he usually either shot or stabbed his victims, and adopted a symbol (the Eye of Providence) as his "trademark". The Zodiac also threatened to kill a bus full of people, which Foyet actually does, and both also had victims who survived near-fatal attacks and provided vague descriptions of their assailants (though in Foyet's case, the attack was staged, in which he was his own victim, designed to throw the authorities off his trail). Also, Foyet's seventh victim, the only victim confirmed to be killed alone, might be an obscure reference to the Zodiac's murder of Paul Stine, his only lone victim.
 * Season Seven:
 * "True Genius" - The Zodiac was also featured prominently in this episode, in which the unsub copies his killings with great accuracy (even wearing the same kind of hood and boots that he wore during the Lake Berryessa killings) and tries to pass himself off as the genuine killer by planting evidence such as a bloody piece of fabric (whose blood type was identical to that of Paul Stine's) and an old crime scene photo of a (fictional) suspected Zodiac victim.
 * Season Eight:
 * "Pay It Forward" - The Zodiac was mentioned as an example of serial killers who stop killing and disappear.
 * Season Ten:
 * "Fate" - The Zodiac was mentioned when Garcia reveals to Rossi that Joy Struthers, a true crime writer living in San Francisco, wrote a book about the killer.
 * "Nelson's Sparrow" - The Zodiac was mentioned by Rossi and Gideon in a flashback set in 1978 (nine years after the Zodiac's last confirmed murder). In this reference, both mention his taunts to the police in comparison to the unsub they are investigating.
 * Season Eleven:
 * "Tribute" - While the Zodiac wasn't mentioned in the episode, his police sketch was seen on the cover of the book America's Deadliest Killers, which was read by Michael Peterson.